澳洲历史（中英文版都有）——不断添加，学习中。。。。。。

purpleme

澳大利亚国家的诞生

20世纪初，澳大利亚是一个开放、民主的"新世界"。这里没有贵族阶级或统治阶级，只有人人平等的观念。澳大利亚社会崇尚人尽其才，充分实现自我。

1901年，通过宣布六州联邦宪法，澳大利亚联邦宣告成立。缔造者们相信他们是在创造新生事物，因而注意避免旧世界的陷阱。他们要把澳大利亚建设成一个和睦、统一、人人平等的社会。他们有着关于人权的先进思想，遵守民主程序，并推崇无记名投票法。但是，他们在种族问题上却区别对待，歧视土著与亚洲民族。澳大利亚同英国保持着广泛的联系，许多人仍将英国视作他们的"祖国"。但从那时起，澳大利亚同英国在宪法上的联系逐渐变得松散。

亨利·帕克斯爵士是澳大利亚联邦的伟大倡导者。他认为，澳大利亚已经具备了统一的条件，因为"她的人民充满活力，勤劳，有进取心，有远见，并富有创造力。"

当时欧裔移民人口为380万，其中半数居住在各大城市。有四分之三的人在澳大利亚出生，主要是英国、苏格兰或爱尔兰人的后裔。一般来说，他们的生活水准高于其英国的亲友。从1900年到1914年，澳大利亚农业和制造业的生产能力有了很大提高，同时，在建立政府与社会服务机构方面也取得了很大进展。
战争的影响

第一次世界大战给澳大利亚带来了灾难性的影响。1914年，澳大利亚男性人口不足300万，但其中近40万人自愿参战。6万名志愿军牺牲，数万人受伤，许多人伤势严重。

澳大利亚人继承了战争年代的光荣传统。在澳大利亚民族精神中，没有任何一种比"澳新军团"的精神更为特殊和受到珍视。澳新军团的传统是1915年在土耳其加利波利战役中锻造出来的。现在，4月25日被定为澳新军团节。每年这一天都要举行全国性的纪念活动，缅怀澳大利亚在所有战争中的牺牲者。

"最终，澳新军团代表的是为了崇高目标而奋 斗的大无畏英勇精神，代表进取心、机智、忠 诚、同志情义和永不认输、坚韧不拔的精神。"
第一次世界大战历史学家查尔斯·比恩在两次世界大战之间是一个局势动荡不定的时期，大批军人退役，渴望重建他们的生活。此时，社会和经济差距扩大。30年代许多澳大利亚金融机构倒闭，经济大萧条的艰难岁月使这一差距进一步加大。

就某些方面而言，第二次世界大战在澳大利亚历史上起了增强澳大利亚人自信心的作用。澳大利亚军队对盟国在欧洲、亚洲和太平洋取得的胜利作出了显著贡献。参加过这场战争并活着回来的一代人由此产生了民族自豪感。

（reference: http://www.nihao.com/news/article.phtml?rid=0208071624588346)

澳大利亚简史

澳大利亚原为土著人的居住地区。17世纪初，西班牙、葡萄牙和荷兰人抵达这里。1770年英国库克船长率船队抵澳东海岸，宣布它为英殖民地。1788年英航海家菲利普率首批移民1030人（包括流放犯736人）在悉尼附近定居。这里一度成为英国的罪犯流放地，其后自由民纷纷移居至此。19世纪初，先后建立了6个殖民区。1900年7月英议会通过《澳大利亚联邦宪法》。1901年1月1日，澳各殖民地改为州，组成澳大利亚联邦，成为英国的自治领。议会通过《威斯敏斯特法案》，1931年澳大利亚获内政、外交自主权，成为英联邦内的独立国家。

澳大利亚环境和历史
在欧洲移民到达之前，土著人和托雷斯海峡岛民分散居住在澳洲大陆的大部分地区。每个部落讲一种或几种语言，总共有数百种截然不同的土著语言。在不同地区，他们有不同的生活方式、宗教和文化传统。土著澳大利亚人善于适应环境，富于创造性，掌握简朴而很有效的技术。同时，他们有复杂的社会体系，以及高度发展的神灵传统。这种传统反映了他们与土地和自然环境深远而紧密的联系。
在欧洲向东半球扩张之前的千百年中，亚洲与大洋州的人民便同澳大利亚土著民族有了接触。有些国家和地区还同北部澳大利亚的土著社区建立了牢固的关系。

欧洲人的到来与定居
1606年，西班牙人托雷斯航海经过了澳大利亚与巴布亚新几内亚之间的海峡。荷兰的探险家们绘制了澳洲北部和西部的海岸图，并发现了塔斯马尼亚。第一位英国探险家威廉·丹皮尔于1688年在西北海岸登陆。但直到1770年，才有另一位英国人詹姆斯·库克船长乘\"努力号\"到南太平洋进行科学考察性航行，以绘制曾被称为\"新荷兰\"的东海岸图，并宣布这地方为不列颠土地。

美国的独立战争结束了它作为囚犯流放地的历史，因此英国需要物色新的地方建立监禁地。曾作为博物学家与库克船长一同航行过的英国皇家学会主席约瑟夫·班克斯爵士促使澳大利亚成为安置囚犯的殖民地。

1788年1月，由11艘船只组成的第一舰队抵达博特尼湾。但菲利普总督觉得悉尼港更可取。1月26日，菲利普总督在悉尼港登陆。这一天现在定为澳大利亚国庆日。第一舰队共载有1500人，其中半数是囚犯。罗伯特·休斯所著《决定命运的彼岸》一书便是近代关于囚犯制度的经典作品。他认为这个制度对澳大利亚社会产生了长远的影响。在以后的80年中，英国向澳大利亚输送了约16万名囚犯。

逐渐地，自由移民的人数大大超过了囚犯。19世纪中期的羊毛工业和淘金热促使移民活动进一步发展。劳动力的缺乏、一望无际的丛林以及通过农业、矿业和贸易而致富，所有这一切是形成澳大利亚独特的社会机制与思想感情的因素。

1788年当欧洲移民到达时，澳大利亚约有30万土著人和托雷斯海峡岛民。殖民地的开拓强行撵走了当地的土著民族，中断了传统的土地管理方法，并将新的动植物种类引进易受毁坏的生态系统中。19世纪和20世纪早期，由于新的疾病、文化中断和解体的影响，土著民族的人口大幅度减少。

(reference: http://www.nihao.com/news/article.phtml?rid=0208071622253237)

澳大利亚文化

随着第二次世界大战的结束，澳大利亚进入繁荣时期。从20世纪初开始，受雇于制造业的人数便一直稳定增长。在战争年代，由于男子参军作战，许多妇女代替他们到工厂参加劳动，而在和平时期，妇女仍然能够继续工作。尽管如小麦和羊毛等初级产品的产量继续增长，而受雇于农业部门的澳大利亚人的比例却开始下降。

20世纪50年代，由于矿产资源的开发和重大国家项目如\"雪山工程\"的实施，澳大利亚经济有了强劲的发展。雪山工程利用雪河水创造了巨大的水力发电能力。

50年代是澳大利亚的政治稳定期，社会繁荣并持续发展，私人住房拥有率从1947年的不到40%稳定上升到1960年的70％以上。
其它发展包括社会安全网络的扩大和通信的进步，尤其是电视的出现。在体育方面，墨尔本主办了1956年奥林匹克运动会，使澳大利亚成为国际瞩目的中心。

第二次世界大战后开始的移民潮在以后的几十年中持续不断。过去50年中，来自140多个国家的人移民到了澳大利亚。
变化中的社会

20世纪60年代，澳大利亚的社会和文化发生了巨大变化。这里面有很多因素：战后移民造成了种族的多样性；作为世界强国之一，英国的国际地位下降，它对澳大利亚的重要性相对于美国来说减弱，尤其是在越南战争期间。二战后的一代，即所谓\"生育高峰期出生的一代人\"成
为一支积极的力量，力图改变澳大利亚的政治、经济和社会关系。

在1967年的公民投票中，澳大利亚人以压倒多数的选票授权联邦政府为土著人立法并将土著人纳入人口统计中。这是土著与非土著澳大利亚人共同积极支持这项运动的结果。人们普遍认为，这充分证明澳大利亚人希望他们的政府采取直接措施，以改善土著人和托雷斯海峡岛民社区的生活条件。

1972年，自由和乡村（现名为国家）党联盟战后在国家政坛上的长期统治结束，澳大利亚工党当选执政。此后三年中，澳大利亚的社会与经济政策有了很大变化，在卫生、教育、外交、社会保障和劳资关系等方面进行了重大的立法改革。但是，宪政上出现了危机。1975年，总督免除了总理戈夫·惠特拉姆的职务。在随后举行的大选中，自由和乡村党联盟以压倒多数的选票战胜工党，并执政至1983年工党再次当选。现在由约翰·霍华德先生领导的自由和国家党联合政府在1996年的大选中击败工党，并于1998年再次当选。

（reference: http://www.nihao.com/news/article.phtml?rid=0208071627379408)

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purpleme

This is an formal artical from government
http://www.dfat.gov.au/aib/history.html

Ancient heritage, modern society

Lake Mungo, south-west New South Wales: Australian scientists have discovered skeletal remains possibly as old as 60 000 years
Before the arrival of European settlers, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples inhabited most areas of the Australian continent. Each people spoke one or more of hundreds of separate languages, with lifestyles and cultural traditions that differed according to the region in which they lived. Their complex social systems and highly developed traditions reflect a deep connection with the land and environment.

Asian and Oceanic mariners and traders were in contact with Indigenous Australians for many centuries before the European expansion into the Eastern Hemisphere. Some formed substantial relationships with communities in northern Australia.

European settlement

The Penitentiary, Port Arthur, Tasmania: some 12 500 convicts served sentences at Port Arthur between 1830 and 1877. Today the site of the penal settlement, with its well-preserved historic buildings, is one of Tasmania’s prime tourist attractions.
Peter Luxton/Tourism Tasmania
The first recorded European contact with Australia was in March 1606, when Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon (c.1570 - 1630) charted the west coast of Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. Later that year, the Spanish explorer Luis Vaez de Torres sailed through the strait separating Australia and Papua New Guinea. Over the next two centuries, European explorers and traders continued to chart the coastline of Australia, then known as New Holland. In 1688, William Dampier became the first British explorer to land on the Australian coast. It was not until 1770 that another Englishman, Captain James Cook, aboard the Endeavour, extended a scientific voyage to the South Pacific in order to further chart the east coast of Australia and claim it for the British Crown.

Britain decided to use its new outpost as a penal colony; the First Fleet of 11 ships carried about 1500 people—half of them convicts. The fleet arrived in Sydney Harbour on 26 January 1788, and it is on this day every year that Australia Day is celebrated.

In all, about 160 000 men and women were brought to Australia as convicts from 1788 until penal transportation ended in 1868. The convicts were joined by free immigrants from the early 1790s. The wool industry and the gold rushes of the 1850s provided an impetus for free settlers to come to Australia.

Scarcity of labour, the vastness of the land and new wealth based on farming, mining and trade made Australia a land of opportunity. Yet during this period, Indigenous Australians suffered enormously. Death, illness, displacement and dispossession disrupted traditional lifestyles and practices.

A nation is born
The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901 through the federation of six states under a single constitution. The non-Indigenous population at the time of Federation was 3.8 million. Half of these lived in cities, three-quarters were born in Australia, and the majority were of English, Scottish or Irish descent.

The founders of the new nation believed they were creating something new and were concerned to avoid the pitfalls of the old world. They wanted Australia to be harmonious, united and egalitarian, and had progressive ideas about human rights, the observance of democratic procedures and the value of a secret ballot.

While one of the first acts of the new Commonwealth Parliament was to pass the Immigration Restriction Act 1901, which restricted migration to people of primarily European origin, this was dismantled after the Second World War. Today Australia has a global, non-discriminatory policy and is home to people from more than 200 countries.

From 1900 to 1914 great progress was made in developing Australia’s agricultural and manufacturing capacities, and in setting up institutions for government and social services.

The impact of war
The First World War had a devastating impact on Australia. In 1914 the male population of Australia was less than 3 million, yet almost 400 000 of them volunteered to fight in the war. As many as 60 000 died and tens of thousands more were wounded.

Out of this experience was born one of Australia’s most enduring values: the ‘Anzac’ ethos of courage and spirit. Every year on 25 April, Australia commemorates the brave but devastating battle fought by the Australia and New Zealand Army Corps—Anzacs—at Gallipoli, Turkey, in 1915. The day also commemorates all Australian soldiers who have fought in wars since then.

‘In the end ANZAC stood and still stands for reckless valour in a good cause, for enterprise, resourcefulness, fidelity, comradeship and endurance that will never admit defeat.’                                
—Charles Bean, historian of the First World War

The period between the two world wars was marked by instability. Social and economic divisions widened during the Depression years when many Australian financial institutions failed.

During the Second World War Australian forces made a significant contribution to the Allied victory in Europe and in Asia and the Pacific. The generation that fought in the war and survived came out of the war with a sense of pride in Australia’s capabilities.

Post-war prosperity
After the war Australia entered a boom period. Millions of refugees and migrants arrived in Australia, many of them young people happy to embrace their new lives with energy and vigour. The number of Australians employed in the manufacturing industry had grown steadily since the beginning of the century. Many women who had taken over factory work while men were away at war were able to continue working in peacetime.

The economy developed strongly in the 1950s with major nation-building projects such as the Snowy Mountains Scheme, a hydro-electric power scheme located in Australia’s southern alps. Suburban Australia also prospered. The rate of home ownership rose dramatically from barely 40 per cent in 1947 to more than 70 per cent by 1960.

Other developments included the expansion of the social security net and the arrival of television. Melbourne hosted the Olympic Games of 1956, shining the international spotlight on Australia.

Did you know?
The Snowy Mountains Scheme, situated in the south-east of Australia, is one of the most complex water and electricity utilities in the world.
It is recognised as one of the seven great civil engineering wonders of the modern world.
There are 16 major dams, and a total storage capacity of 7000 gigalitres, or 13 times the volume of Sydney Harbour.
It took 25 years to build and is one of the largest and most complex integrated water and hydro-electric power schemes anywhere.
More than 100 000 people from over 30 countries worked on the Snowy Mountains Scheme between 1949 and 1974, with the workforce reaching a peak of 7300 in 1959.

A changing society
The 1960s was a period of change for Australia. The ethnic diversity produced by post-war immigration, the decline of the United Kingdom and the Vietnam War (to which Australia sent troops) all contributed to an atmosphere of political, economic and social change.


In 1902 the new federal government passed an Act giving women the right to vote
By permission, The National Library of Australia
In 1967 the Australian people voted overwhelmingly in a national referendum to give the federal government the power to pass legislation on behalf of Indigenous Australians and to include Indigenous Australians in future censuses. The referendum result was the culmination of a strong campaign by both Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. It was widely seen as a strong affirmation of the Australian people’s wish to see its government take direct action to improve the living conditions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

The long post-war domination of national politics by the coalition of the Liberal and Country (now National) parties ended in 1972, when the Australian Labor Party was elected. The next three years saw major changes in Australia’s social and economic policy agenda and a heavy legislative program of reforms in health, education, foreign affairs, social security and industrial relations. However, a constitutional crisis resulted in Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam being dismissed by the then Governor-General. In the subsequent general election the Labor Party suffered a major defeat and the Liberal–National Coalition ruled until 1983, when Labor again won office. In 1996 a Coalition Government led by John Howard won the general election and was re-elected in 1998, 2001 and 2004.

Today Australia is one of the most cosmopolitan and dynamic societies in the world. Over 200 languages are spoken, with English the common language. The nation has thriving ethnic media, an international business reputation, an innovative artistic community, diverse religious and cultural activities and variety in foods, restaurants, fashion and architecture.

purpleme

History of Australia. (2007, January 7). :si106

In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13:11, January 12, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index. ... &oldid=99206069

The history of Australia began when people first migrated to the Australian continent from the north, at least 40,000-45,000 years ago. The written history of Australia began when Dutch explorers first sighted the country in the 17th century. The interpretation of the history of Australia is currently the matter of contention, particularly regarding the treatment of Indigenous Australians.

Contents [hide]
1 Prehistory
2 Asian contact
3 European exploration
4 Settlement and colonisation
5 Colonial self-government and the discovery of gold
6 Federation and the World Wars
7 Post-war prosperity
8 References
9 Further Reading
10 See also
11 External links



[edit] Prehistory
Main articles: Prehistory of Australia and Indigenous Australians
The prehistory of Australia is a term which may be used to describe the period of approximately 41,000-46,000 years (or up yo 68,000 years, as is contended by some studies[1]) between the first human habitation of the Australian continent and the first known sighting of Australia by Europeans in 1606, which may be taken as the beginning of the recent history of Australia. This era is referred to as prehistory rather than history because there are no written records of human events in Australia which pre-date this contact.


[edit] Asian contact
Main articles: History of Australia before 1788 and Macassan contact with Australia
For at least a number of centuries, Macassan had traded with Indigenous Australians on Australia's north coast, particularly the Yolngu of north-east Arnhem Land.

An early map of the known world, made in 1603 by Father Matteo Ricci, a Portuguese Jesuit who spent a long time in China, noted in a blank space where Australia lies: No one has ever been to this land in the south, hence we know nothing about it. In smaller characters he brushed the Chinese characters Fire Land and Land of Parrots[2]suggesting the Chinese were aware of and had perhaps visited Australia.


[edit] European exploration
Main articles: History of Australia before 1788 and European exploration of Australia
Records of the discovery of the Australian continent by European expeditions date back to the early 17th century.[3] The first known sighting was in 1606 by the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon, who in his ship Duyfken navigated the Gulf of Carpentaria, sighting and making landfall on the western coast of Cape York Peninsula. Some writers have argued that Portuguese navigators may have discovered Australia in the 16th century (see Theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia), but there is no firm evidence to support this theory. Other 17th century European voyagers (predominantly Dutch, but also French and English) were to follow suit, and by the start of the 18th century the western and northern coastlines of what had become known as "New Holland" had been charted. No attempts to establish settlements were made, however.

In 1770, the expedition of the Endeavour under command of British Royal Navy Lieutenant James Cook navigated and charted the east coast of Australia, making first landfall at Botany Bay on April 29, 1770. Cook continued northwards, and before leaving put ashore on Possession Island in the Torres Strait off Cape York on August 22, 1770. Here he formally claimed the eastern coastline he had discovered for the Crown, naming it New South Wales. Given that Cook's discoveries would lead to the first European settlement of Australia, he is often popularly conceived as its European discoverer, although he had been preceded by more than 160 years.

The favourable reports of these lands relayed by Cook's expedition upon their return to England generated interest in its offered solution to the problem of penal overcrowding in Britain, which had been exacerbated by the loss of its American colonies.[4] Accordingly, on May 13, 1787 the 11 ships of the First Fleet set sail from Portsmouth, England, bound for Botany Bay.


[edit] Settlement and colonisation
Main article: History of Australia (1788-1850)

Animated map showing the creation of the colonies. In addition, New Zealand was part of New South Wales from 1788 until 1840 when it was proclaimed as a separate colony.The British Crown Colony of New South Wales started with the establishment of a settlement and penal colony at Port Jackson by Captain Arthur Phillip on 26 January 1788. This date was later to become Australia's national day, Australia Day. Van Diemen's Land, now known as Tasmania, was settled in 1803 and became a separate colony in 1825. Britain formally claimed the western part of Australia in 1829. Separate colonies were created from parts of New South Wales: South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859. The Northern Territory (NT) was founded in 1863 as part of the Province of South Australia. Victoria and South Australia were founded as "free colonies" — that is, they were never penal colonies, although the former did receive some convicts from Tasmania. Western Australia was also founded "free", but later accepted transported convicts due to an acute labour shortage. New Zealand was part of New South Wales until 1840 when it became a colony. The transportation of convicts to Australia was phased out between 1840 and 1868.

1788 - New South Wales, according to Arthur Phillip's amended Commission dated 25 April 1787, as including "all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean" and running westward to the 135th meridian. These islands included the current islands of New Zealand, which was administered as part of New South Wales.[5]
1825 – New South Wales western border is extended to 129° E. In the same year Van Diemen's Land proclaimed.
1829 - Swan River Colony is declared by Charles Fremantle for Britain.[6]
1832 – Swan River Colony has its name changed to Western Australia.
1836 – South Australia is proclaimed with its western border at 132° E.
1840 - New Zealand is proclaimed.
1846 - The colony of North Australia was proclaimed by Letters Patent on 17 February. This was all of New South Wales north of 26° S. Although revoked in December 1846, the colony did formally exist.
1851 – Victoria is proclaimed.
1856 – Van Diemen's Land name changed to Tasmania.
1859 – Queensland is proclaimed with its western border at 141° E.
1860 – South Australian border changed from 132° E to 129° E.
1862 – Queensland's western border is moved to 139° E.
1863 – Northern Territory annexed to South Australia by Letters Patent.
1911 – Federal Capital Territory proclaimed; and Northern Territory transferred to the Commonwealth.
1938 – Federal Capital Territory name changed to the Australian Capital Territory.

From 1 February 1927 until 12 June 1931 the Northern Territory was divided up as North Australia and Central Australia at latitude 20° S. New South Wales has had one further territory surrendered, namely Jervis Bay Territory comprising 6,677 hectares, in 1915. It was part of the Australian Capital Territory until 1989 when the Australian Capital Territory achieved self government, after which it became a separate territory administered by the Ministry of Territories. The external Territories were added - 1914 - Norfolk Island; 1933 - Territory of Ashmore Island and Cartier Islands – transferred from Britain; 1933 - Australian Antarctic Territory transferred from Britain; 1947 - Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and Macquarie Island transferred to Australia from Britain; 1958 - Christmas Island; 1955 - Cocos (Keeling) Islands; 1969 - The Coral Sea Islands Territory was established as a Territory of the Commonwealth under the Coral Sea Islands Act 1969.


[edit] Colonial self-government and the discovery of gold

The discovery of gold in remote areas was followed by tradesmen.Main article: History of Australia (1851-1900)
A gold rush began in Australia in the early 1850s, and the Eureka Stockade rebellion in 1854 was an early expression of nationalist sentiment—the flag that was used to represent it has been seriously considered by some as an alternative to the Australian flag. The gold rushes brought many immigrants from Great Britain, Ireland, Europe, North America and China.

Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained responsible government, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire. The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs, defence and international shipping.

The gold led to a period of great prosperity, but eventually, the economic expansion came to an end, and the 1890s were a period of economic depression.

[ 本帖最后由 purpleme 于 2007-1-13 00:40 编辑 ]

purpleme

[edit] Federation and the World Wars
Main article: History of Australia (1901-1945)

The opening of the Parliament of Australia in 1901On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies was achieved after a decade of planning, consultation and voting, and the Commonwealth of Australia was born, as a Dominion of the British Empire.

The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) was formed from New South Wales in 1911 to provide a location for the proposed new federal capital of Canberra (Melbourne was the capital from 1901 to 1927). The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the Commonwealth in 1911. Australian troops took part in both world wars.

The Statute of Westminster 1931 formally ended most of the constitutional links between Australia and Britain, but Australia did not adopt the Statute until 1942. The shock of Britain's defeat in Asia in 1942 and the threat of Japanese invasion caused Australia to turn to the United States as a new ally and protector.


[edit] Post-war prosperity
Main article: History of Australia since 1945
Following World War II the Australian government instigated a massive program of European immigration. After narrowly preventing a Japanese invasion, and suffering attacks on Australian soil for the first time, it was seen that the country must "populate or perish". Immigration brought traditional migrants from the United Kingdom along with, for the first time, large numbers of Southern and Eastern Europeans. A booming Australian economy stood in sharp contrast to war-ravaged Europe and newly-arrived migrants found employment in government assisted programs such as the Snowy Mountains Scheme. Two million were to arrive between 1948 and 1975. Robert Menzies' newly-founded Liberal Party of Australia dominated much of the immediate post war era, defeating the Australian Labor Party government of Ben Chifley in 1949. Menzies oversaw the post-war expansion and was to become the country's longest-serving leader. Manufacturing industry, previously playing a minor part in an economy dominated by primary production, greatly expanded. Since World War II Australia has been transformed by a massive immigration programme, and since the 1970s and the abolition of the White Australia policy from Asia and other parts of the world; radically transforming Australia's demography, culture and image of itself. Although the policy has been abolished, instances of racism continue.[7]

The ANZUS defence treaty was signed in 1951 with the United States and New Zealand, and Australia committed troops to the Korean War and the Malayan Emergency. Melbourne hosted the 1956 Olympics and joint British-Australia nuclear tests and rocket launches began near Woomera in South Australia. The population reached 10 million in 1959.

Since 1951, Australia has been a formal military ally of the US under the auspices of the ANZUS treaty. The final constitutional ties between Australia and Britain ended in 1986 with the passing of the Australia Act 1986, ending any British role in the Australian States, and ending judicial appeals to the UK Privy Council. Australia remains a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II the Queen of Australia; the 1999 referendum to establish a republic was marginally rejected. Australia's links to its British past are increasingly tenuous. Since the election of the Whitlam Government in 1972, there has been an increasing focus on the nation's future as a part of the Asia-Pacific region

:si94

[ 本帖最后由 purpleme 于 2007-1-13 00:41 编辑 ]

purpleme

找了中文简体版，英文版，再加一个繁体版本的:si92

[ 本帖最后由 purpleme 于 2007-1-14 10:41 编辑 ]

purpleme

澳洲歷史

在歐洲移民到達之前，土著人和托雷斯海峽島民分散居住在澳洲大陸的大部分地區。每個部落講一種或幾種語言，總共有數百種截然不同的土著語言。在不同地區，他們有不同的生活方式、宗教和文化傳統。土著澳大利亞人善於適應環境，富於創造性，掌握簡樸而很有效的技術。同時，他們有複雜的社會體系，以及高度發展的神靈傳統。這種傳統反映了他們與土地和自然環境深遠而緊密的聯繫。

在歐洲向東半球擴張之前的千百年中，亞洲與大洋州的人民便同澳大利亞土著民族有了接觸。有些國家和地區還同北部澳大利亞的土著社區建立了牢固的關係。

歐洲人的到來與定居

1606年，西班牙人托雷斯航海經過了澳大利亞與巴布亞新磯內亞之間的海峽。荷蘭的探險家們繪製了澳洲北部和西部的海岸圖，並發現了塔斯馬尼亞。第一位英國探險家威廉·丹皮爾於1688年在西北海岸登陸。但直到1770年，才有另一位英國人詹姆斯·庫克船長乘"努力號"到南太平洋進行科學考察性航行，以繪製曾被稱為"新荷蘭"的東海岸圖，並宣佈這地方為不列顛土地。

美國的獨立戰爭結束了它作為囚犯流放地的歷史，因此英國需要物色新的地方建立監禁地。曾作為博物學家與庫克船長一同航行過的英國皇家學會主席約瑟夫·班克斯爵士促使澳大利亞成為安置囚犯的殖民地。

1788年1月，由11艘船隻組成的第一艦隊抵達博特尼灣。但菲力浦總督覺得雪梨港更可取。1月26日，菲力浦總督在雪梨港登陸。這一天現在定為澳大利亞國慶日。第一艦隊共載有1500人，其中半數是囚犯。羅伯特·休斯所著《決定命運的彼岸》一書便是近代關於囚犯制度的經典作品。他認為這個制度對澳大利亞社會產生了長遠的影響。在以後的80年中，英國向澳大利亞輸送了約16萬名囚犯。

逐漸地，自由移民的人數大大超過了囚犯。19世紀中期的羊毛工業和淘金熱促使移民活動進一步發展。勞動力的缺乏、一望無際的叢林以及通過農業、礦業和貿易而致富，所有這一切是形成澳大利亞獨特的社會機制與思想感情的因素。

1788年當歐洲移民到達時，澳大利亞約有30萬土著人和托雷斯海峽島民。殖民地的開拓強行攆走了當地的土著民族，中斷了傳統的土地管理方法，並將新的動植物種類引進易受毀壞的生態系統中。19世紀和20世紀早期，由於新的疾病、文化中斷和解體的影響，土著民族的人口大幅度減少。

國家的誕生

20世紀初，澳大利亞是一個開放、民主的"新世界"。這裏沒有貴族階級或統治階級，只有人人平等的觀念。澳大利亞社會崇尚人盡其才，充分實現自我。

1901年，通過宣佈六州聯邦憲法，澳大利亞聯邦宣告成立。締造者們相信他們是在創造新生事物，因而注意避免舊世界的陷阱。他們要把澳大利亞建設成一個和睦、統一、人人平等的社會。他們有著關於人權的先進思想，遵守民主程序，並推崇無記名投票法。但是，他們在種族問題上卻區別對待，歧視土著與亞洲民族。澳大利亞同英國保持著廣泛的聯繫，許多人仍將英國視作他們的"祖國"。但從那時起，澳大利亞同英國在憲法上的聯繫逐漸變得鬆散。

亨利·帕克斯爵士是澳大利亞聯邦的偉大倡導者。他認為，澳大利亞已經具備了統一的條件，因為"她的人民充滿活力，勤勞，有進取心，有遠見，並富有創造力。"

當時歐裔移民人口為380萬，其中半數居住在各大城市。有四分之三的人在澳大利亞出生，主要是英國、蘇格蘭或愛爾蘭人的後裔。一般來說，他們的生活水準高於其英國的親友。從1900年到1914年，澳大利亞農業和製造業的生產能力有了很大提高，同時，在建立政府與社會服務機構方面也取得了很大進展。

戰爭的影響

第一次世界大戰給澳大利亞帶來了災難性的影響。1914年，澳大利亞男性人口不足300萬，但其中近40萬人自願參戰。6萬名志願軍犧牲，數萬人受傷，許多人傷勢嚴重。

澳大利亞人繼承了戰爭年代的光榮傳統。在澳大利亞民族精神中，沒有任何一種比"澳新軍團"的精神更為特殊和受到珍視。澳新軍團的傳統是1915年在土耳其加利波利戰役中鍛造出來的。現在，4月25日被定為澳新軍團節。每年這一天都要舉行全國性的紀念活動，緬懷澳大利亞在所有戰爭中的犧牲者。

"最終，澳新軍團代表的是為了崇高目標而奮 鬥的大無畏英勇精神，代表進取心、機智、忠 誠、同志情義和永不認輸、堅韌不拔的精神。"

第一次世界大戰歷史學家查理斯·比恩

在兩次世界大戰之間是一個局勢動盪不定的時期，大批軍人退役，渴望重建他們的生活。此時，社會和經濟差距擴大。30年代許多澳大利亞金融機構倒閉，經濟大蕭條的艱難歲月使這一差距進一步加大。

就某些方面而言，第二次世界大戰在澳大利亞歷史上起了增強澳大利亞人自信心的作用。澳大利亞軍隊對盟國在歐洲、亞洲和太平洋取得的勝利作出了顯著貢獻。參加過這場戰爭並活著回來的一代人由此產生了民族自豪感。

戰後和平與繁榮

隨著第二次世界大戰的結束，澳大利亞進入繁榮時期。從20世紀初開始，受雇於製造業的人數便一直穩定增長。在戰爭年代，由於男子參軍作戰，許多婦女代替他們到工廠參加勞動，而在和平時期，婦女仍然能夠繼續工作。儘管如小麥和羊毛等初級產品的產量繼續增長，而受雇於農業部門的澳大利亞人的比例卻開始下降。

20世紀50年代，由於礦產資源的開發和重大國家項目如"雪山工程"的實施，澳大利亞經濟有了強勁的發展。雪山工程利用雪河水創造了巨大的水力發電能力。

50年代是澳大利亞的政治穩定期，社會繁榮並持續發展，私人住房擁有率從1947年的不到40%穩定上升到1960年的70％以上。

其他發展包括社會安全網路的擴大和通信的進步，尤其是電視的出現。在體育方面，墨爾本主辦了1956年奧林匹克運動會，使澳大利亞成為國際矚目的中心。

第二次世界大戰後開始的移民潮在以後的幾十年中持續不斷。過去50年中，來自140多個國家的人移民到了澳大利亞。

變化中的社會

20世紀60年代，澳大利亞的社會和文化發生了巨大變化。這裏面有很多因素：戰後移民造成了種族的多樣性；作為世界強國之一，英國的國際地位下降，它對澳大利亞的重要性相對於美國來說減弱，尤其是在越南戰爭期間。二戰後的一代，即所謂"生育高峰期出生的一代人"成為一支積極的力量，力圖改變澳大利亞的政治、經濟和社會關係。

在1967年的公民投票中，澳大利亞人以壓倒多數的選票授權聯邦政府為土著人立法並將土著人納入人口統計中。這是土著與非土著澳大利亞人共同積極支持這項運動的結果。人們普遍認為，這充分證明澳大利亞人希望他們的政府採取直接措施，以改善土著人和托雷斯海峽島民社區的生活條件。

1972年，自由和鄉村（現名為國家）黨聯盟戰後在國家政壇上的長期統治結束，澳大利亞工黨當選執政。此後三年中，澳大利亞的社會與經濟政策有了很大變化，在衛生、教育、外交、社會保障和勞資關係等方面進行了重大的立法改革。但是，憲政上出現了危機。1975年，總督免除了總理戈夫·惠特拉姆的職務。在隨後舉行的大選中，自由和鄉村黨聯盟以壓倒多數的選票戰勝工黨，並執政至1983年工黨再次當選。現在由約翰·霍華德先生領導的自由和國家黨聯合政府在1996年的大選中擊敗工党，並於1998年再次當選。

(reference: http://www.australianet.net/tra/australia2.htm)

[ 本帖最后由 purpleme 于 2007-1-14 10:34 编辑 ]

purpleme

大嗓子吆喝一下，发发小广播：

开场子了咯，加分的加分，补充的补充:si168 一定要鼎立哟:si117

热烈期待中:si39

[ 本帖最后由 purpleme 于 2007-1-13 01:45 编辑 ]

purpleme

原帖由 mumu_96 于 2007-1-13 00:03 发表
++

感谢mumu 敢了早场

笨鼠

学习中.....

homeway

学习，楼主头像蛮CUTE版的嘛，请问兰花之都是哪里

purpleme

原帖由 homeway 于 2007-1-13 01:12 发表
学习，楼主头像蛮CUTE版的嘛，请问兰花之都是哪里

那是我梦回的地方，因为气候温和，空气清新，又有分层生态圈，各类鲜花漫山遍野。

但当地最喜欢种的还是兰花， 好的品种，几十万到上百万的都有。我曾听说过有人到山里挖兰花，一夜暴富的传奇。

兰花象征一种空谷幽兰的品质，不以万花争艳，而以绽放为乐。这点符合我的人生哲学，不以物喜，不以己悲，享受简单的小快乐就好。

在那里的市区， 家家户户遍种兰花，所以称为兰都。梦里轮回，那就是我的桃花源记:si40

兰城之都——当地人古语叫永昌， 取义永远繁荣昌盛的意思。现代的名字叫隆阳，我觉得这名字改的， 反正大家都喜欢这种繁荣呀，昌盛的说法 表达土著居民一种美好的愿望，也不错

fly_cat

赞，加分. 没准以后入籍考试要用到。

kui

原帖由 purpleme 于 2007-1-13 01:36 发表


QUOTE:
原帖由 homeway 于 2007-1-13 01:12 发表
学习，楼主头像蛮CUTE版的嘛，请问兰花之都是哪里
那是我梦回的地方，因为气候温和，空气清新，又有分层生态圈，各类鲜花漫山遍野。

但当地最喜欢种的还是兰花， 好的品种，几十万到上百万的都有。我曾听说过有人到山里挖兰花，一夜暴富的传奇。

兰花象征一种空谷幽兰的品质，不以万花争艳，而以绽放为乐。这点符合我的人生哲学，不以物喜，不以己悲，享受简单的小快乐就好。

在那里的市区， 家家户户遍种兰花，所以称为兰都。梦里轮回，那就是我的桃花源记

兰城之都——当地人古语叫永昌， 取义永远繁荣昌盛的意思。现代的名字叫隆阳，我觉得这名字改的， 反正大家都喜欢这种繁荣呀，昌盛的说法 表达土著居民一种美好的愿望，也不错

楼主写了这么多关于“兰花之都”，但我还是没明白到底“兰花之都”在哪里，至少应该说一个省份吧？



:si22

purpleme

桃花源记呀；）

hidec

做个记号先，以后慢慢看

xinzujivictoria

maodoubao

澳大利亚入籍资料 - Our Common Bond实际上就是一本写得不错的介绍澳大利亚历史、文化、科学、政治制度等的书。有中文版可以下载。

樱花开

学习了.

Zoe2013

进来学习的！

annc

资料收藏，谢谢