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在过去的几天,我花了一些时间翻译一些同新型冠状病毒有关的官方消息,也旁观了朋友们的网上讨论。在这个过程中,我发现,很多华人朋友,不管新老移民,因对澳洲的政治生活状况,政府的职权等问题都不甚了解而很自然地沿用国内的经验。
正好很多朋友会继续在家,读书会也要求我推荐一些书,我觉得有必要再次推荐下面这个系列的电子书,喜欢实体书的朋友可以去各社区图书馆借阅,一般都有好多份。
https://legalanswers.sl.nsw.gov.au/hot-topics
这些小册子是写给完全没有专业知识的普通大众看的,简单易懂,有空看看既能学习澳洲政治生活的热点话题,又提高英语水平。
喜欢八卦的朋友可以看下这个:
默多克的政治权势
新闻集团旗下媒体:
这就说到1月29日Herald Sun,DailyTelegraph的头版,其实不奇怪,这两份报纸都是新闻集团旗下的,也就是默老板家的。
有同学在change等网站发起了投票反对。我个人认为报纸的这个动作不但违反新闻伦理,而且是违法的,让我们看一下澳洲法律是怎么说的:
https://www.humanrights.gov.au/o ... t-does-law-say-wysm
反种族歧视法案 1975明确表示,任何因种族而冒犯,侮辱,羞辱,恐吓个人或族群的行为都是违法的!
其中包括 racially offensive comments or images in a newspaper关于种族的冒犯性评论和图片。
这里有一些具体信息和一个面向学生的视频:
https://www.humanrights.gov.au/o ... on-know-your-rights
这个视频:
https://youtu.be/dtRTvu1RMw0
看过了就知道,不用签名,到人权委员会投诉吧!
点击:https://www.humanrights.gov.au/complaints#main-content然后再点投诉按钮。
(作为教育公众号,我请ask/request家长们利用这个机会,同下一代讨论一下这个问题,看看孩子们是不是愿意做些什么?我们是平等的,我请了,你可以说“不”)
发起change投票的同学,如果你看到这篇文章,请留意,你写错了报纸的名称,不知道能否修改,但投票结果还是可以用作投诉证据,就是法律上不那么强了。
二
回到今天的主题,澳洲各级政府,这些日子都是基于怎样的机理来做出他们公告大众的决定?
世界卫生组织对于公共卫生安全,有一套逐渐完善的机制和无数文件,每一次新的传染病爆发,首先参考以往类似的爆发的应对程序,每次行动后,会形成决议,修改文件。我们以最寻常的流感为例,看看这些程序的大概逻辑。
这个正好有中文:《制定或更新国家大流行性流感防范计划的基本步骤》
WHO-WHE-IHM-GIP-2018.1-chi.pdf
下面这个长达55页的文件非常详尽:《大流行性疾病风险管理计划备忘录》
https://www.who.int/influenza/pr ... list_update2018.pdf
这个英文的文件有些内容值得分享,节选翻译如下:
2.2 Legal and policy issues 政策法律问题
Rationale
Public health measures during a pandemic are designed to reduce the
spread of the pandemic virus and save lives. In some circumstances, it may
be necessary to overrule existing laws or (individual) human rights in order
to implement measures that are in the best interests of community health. Examples are the enforcement of quarantine (overruling individual freedom of movement), use of privately owned buildings for health-care facilities, off-license use of drugs, compulsory vaccination and implementation of emergency shifts in essential services. These decisions need a legal framework to ensure transparent assessment and authority for the measures being considered, as well as coherence with relevant international laws such as the IHR (2005) (1).
大范围流行病爆发时的公共卫生政策的目的是减少流行性病毒的传播,拯救生命。有些时候,我们需要违背现行法律或个人人权而采取对社区健康最有利的行动。比如,我们需要违背个人自由移动的人权而实施隔离;征用私人楼宇用作医疗;使用没有被批准的药物;强制接种(疫苗)和实施基础服务紧急轮班制。我们必须有一个以透明的评估制度和决策机构为基础,并且符合相关的国际法规(比如IHR 2005)的法律框架来保证做出这些决定。
2.3 Ethical issues 伦理问题
Rationale
During a pandemic, difficult choices will have to be made about how to
secure the best health outcomes for individuals, groups and communities; hence, it is critical that ethical considerations remain central to decision- making. Policy decisions may result in a conflict between the goal to protect the health of the population and respect for individual rights and freedoms. Identifying in advance an ethical framework that can be used during the response, and reviewing the effects of existing laws and policies before a pandemic occurs, can help to ensure that vulnerable populations are not harmed and that adequate consideration is given to ethical issues when rapid action is required.
大范围流行病爆发期间,我们需要做出艰难抉择以保证个体,族群和社区能达到最好的卫生效果,这时候,伦理问题是我们决策的关键和中心。政策也许会引起个体权利自由和总人口健康之间的冲突。在流行病爆发前,事先检视现行法规和政策,制定可用于应急反应的伦理框架,可以帮助我们充分考虑伦理问题并在紧急行动时保证弱势人群不受伤害。
2.4 Risk communication and community engagement 风险公告和社区参与
Rationale
Risk communication is the real-time exchange of information and advice between authorities and experts, and the people and communities who are at risk. It is an essential part of the public health response to any influenza event or other disease outbreak. Accurate information provided early and often – and in formats, languages and channels that people use and trust –will enable communities to understand the health risks they face, and will make it easier to engage them in actions to protect themselves.
风险沟通指的是处于风险中的当局,专家和公众社区之间的信息和建议的实时沟通。它是应对流感或任何其他疾病时的公共卫生应对的重要环节。尽早地,经常性地用群众喜闻乐见的,可信任的语言,形式和渠道公告准确信息可以帮助民众认识面临的风险便于他们参与自我保护行动。
文件接下来详细论述了充分沟通对大众行为的影响:
Communication for behavioural impact (COMBI) (41) is a planning framework and an implementation method for using communication strategically to achieve positive behavioural and social results. It involves health education, health literacy, health promotion, risk communication and social mobilization, and it plays a critical role in the implementation of the NPI measures by modifying behaviour. COMBI identifies the barriers and constraints that prevent people from choosing to adopt healthy behaviour, and ensures that communication is appropriately applied and can contribute to achieving expected behavioural impact.
In the implementation of the recommended NPI measures, COMBI should be used to:
• share the rationale;
• encourage active engagement;
• empower people with information;
• adapt recommendations to the local context; and
• quickly develop effective communication strategies, messages and materials, using existing esources and partnerships.
COMBI是关于如何同公众沟通并影响公众行为的计划纲要和实施方法,目的在于通过有效的沟通策略达到正面的社会行为和后果。它包括公共卫生教育,卫生扫盲,健康推广,风险沟通和社会流动等方面,通过各项措施改变公众行为习惯。COMBI探寻阻碍人们养成健康习惯的因素和障碍,通过合适的有效沟通来促进人们行为习惯的改善。实施COMBI包括:
分享政策的逻辑;
鼓励积极参与;
通过分享信息让民众有使命感;
根据当地情况调整建议;以及
用现有的资源和伙伴关系迅速建立沟通策略,内容和材料。
那么公共意见如何决定并告知民众呢?接下来文件详细解释了如何决定诸如隔离人群,关闭学校等同公众相关的事情并告知民众。节选如下:
The guideline development group, with the support of the steering group, formulated recommendations that were informed by the evidence presented and took into account quality of evidence, values and preferences, balance of benefits and harms, resource implications, ethical considerations, acceptability and feasibility, as outlined below.
指导意见制定小组在领导小组的支持下,根据已有证据提出相应的建议时,将考虑以下的因素:
证据的质量;
价值观和偏好;
利弊权衡;
资源情况;
伦理考量;
可接受度;
可行性
三
昨天卫生部长说过,澳洲的公共卫生应急机制是受到世界卫生组织赞誉的,非常先进。那么,对照以上文件,不难发现,这段时间来政府同民众的沟通大部分时间都是遵循这些既定的方针政策而不是拍脑袋的,除了一天内改变对学校开学的建议这件事情。不得不说,某些华人朋友采取的行动适得其反了,政府本来考虑了现有证据,澳洲价值观和伦理,衡量了利弊和资源,同时也考虑了广大华人社区的情感和利益,结果某些同志不见情,于是就是现在这样!但愿这个事情不会再发酵。
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