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弓形虫没那么可怕，实际上50%的人类，不管有没有养宠物，可能曾被感染，但是绝大部分人没有任何症状，最大受威胁的是免疫力低下的人群，比如孕妇与婴儿。但是这种威胁往往不是来自宠物，实际上弓形虫无处不在，至于如何预防，只要看看它是如何传播的就可以知道了。
根据美国疾病防治中心CDC的信息，人类通过以下途径感染弓形虫
1. 吃被感染的半生肉
2. 不小心摄入没完全煮熟的被感染的肉，或接触被感染的肉之后，手没彻底洗干净
3. 食物煮熟了，但是用的餐具，菜板之类的没清洗干净
4. 喝了被污染的水
5. 第五才是接触了猫的便便
6. 妈妈传染给小孩
7. 输血或者移植器官倒霉被感染
8. 没有8了，根本没提到狗，可见跟狗没太大关系
所以如何预防呢？别吃生肉，接触了生肉马上洗干净手，肉要彻底煮熟，厨房每天彻底清洗，水烧开了喝，别去可能有猫便便的地方，勤洗手，基本就没问题了。家里养了宠物的，便便要及时处理，如果便便里含弓形虫，头1,2天里一般是没感染性的，扔在院子里不管反而让虫卵发育到可以传染了。
How do people get toxoplasmosis? （来源：美国疾病防治中心CDC）
A Toxoplasma infection occurs by:
•Eating undercooked, contaminated meat (especially pork, lamb, and venison).
•Accidental ingestion of undercooked, contaminated meat after handling it and not washing hands thoroughly (Toxoplasma cannot be absorbed through intact skin).
•Eating food that was contaminated by knives, utensils, cutting boards and other foods that have had contact with raw, contaminated meat.
•Drinking water contaminated with Toxoplasma gondii.
•Accidentally swallowing the parasite through contact with cat feces that contain Toxoplasma. This might happen by
1.cleaning a cat's litter box when the cat has shed Toxoplasma in its feces
2.touching or ingesting anything that has come into contact with cat feces that contain Toxoplasma
3.accidentally ingesting contaminated soil (e.g., not washing hands after gardening or eating unwashed fruits or vegetables from a garden)
•Mother-to-child (congenital) transmission.
•Receiving an infected organ transplant or infected blood via transfusion, though this is rare.
下面来看看狗狗是如何被感染到弓形虫的：
猫猫是弓形虫的唯一宿主，而通过它们的便便，有些昆虫，比如苍蝇，蟑螂成为传播者。狗狗最常见的被感染方式，是主人喂了它被感染的生肉，或者脏水。一般只有吃了狗肉狗屎才会导致狗狗身上的弓形虫传播到人身上。所以狗狗的弓形虫威胁对孕妇基本可以忽略不计，其几率比你上医院输血倒霉输了被感染的血还要低，低的甚至美国疾病防治中心都没有提。所以防狗还不如防砧板上那一块肉，角落里那一只苍蝇蟑螂。
Cause and Transmission of
Toxoplasmosis in Dogs:
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan confirmed as the cause of canine toxoplasmosis. It is only transmitted by felids (cats). Both wild and domesticated cats can transmit this parasite through the feces. Insects like flies and cockroaches are thought to be an intermediate host.
The pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis shows that three different infectious stages can occur, i.e. tachyzoites, bradyzoites and sporozoites. Transmission of these infectious stages is possible if a healthy dog either eats raw meat containing oocysts of toxoplasmosis or if it is transmitted through the transplacental route, i.e. from mother to fetus.
After intake by either route, most commonly by intake through contaminated food, meat or water, these protozoa multiply in the stomach and intestine. Once the infectious stage matures i.e. becomes sporozoites or oocysts, they spread through the entire body through the blood and lymphatic circulation. Clinical symptoms usually appear 20 days after ingesting protozoa in the optimum quantity for multiplication.
Symptoms of Toxoplasmosis in Dogs:
Clinical symptoms are associated with the degree of damage caused to soft tissues, which is directly related to the number of trachyzoites released during multiplication of the number of protozoa. This factor also represents the severity of output toxoplasma can cause in dogs.
As the protozoa multiply in numbers and spread to other parts of the body, toxoplasma can only cause a sub clinical infection, i.e. symptoms are not clinically important and the condition remains untraceable. Anorexia, diarrhea, fever, cough, difficulty breathing, eye infection, jaundice, seizures and death are common clinical symptoms which begin to appear systematically.
Most visceral (internal organs) physiological systems are affected including the digestive, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory and nervous systems. Affected systems cause severe generalized or generally prevalent disease. Young puppies may not survive to even the third degree of infection thus sudden death is noted with acute symptoms which are those that come on suddenly.
Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis in Dogs:
Clinical symptoms can help in indicating canine toxoplasmosis in dogs. But since the disease has a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms, it is very hard to confirm through clinical elimination techniques.
Laboratory procedures including biological, histological and serological examinations are preferred for confirming the disease. Serological tests as such as ELISA, Hemagglutination, LATEX Assay etc are confirmatory tools, which can confirm presence of specific antibodies for toxoplasmosis. The severity of the condition can also be assessed through the use of serological (enzyme testing) procedures. In addition, tissues can be examined under the microscope for biological and histological changes; the specific stage of infection is usually determined with these tools.
Treatment of Toxoplasmosis in Dogs:
Specifically, some drugs such as Sulfadiazine, Pyrimethamine etc can be used, but are rarely warranted for treatment of canine toxoplasmosis. These drugs are effective, but the pharmacological action and side effects of this mode of treatment is yet to be researched. In most clinics across the USA, Clindamycin is considered to be the treatment of choice for toxoplasmosis. It is used for 14 – 21 days.
Supportive therapies such as supplements and natural remedies can help to maintain a dog's body condition while undergoing treatment. The natural remedy EaseSure may be of help. Other symptom specific therapies can be initiated with the recommendation of a veterinarian.
Zoonotic Importance of Toxoplasmosis:
As toxoplasmosis is a highly transmissible condition to other animals and humans, extensive care is needed regarding the handling of pets with this condition. Moreover, disinfection and preventive measures are usually required for humans if any of their companion animals have been confirmed for this disease. In a study, 60% of humans had been confirmed with the presence of specific antibodies in their serum, when they came in contact with pets who were acting as a reservoir for Toxoplasma.
[ 本帖最后由 sylva 于 2011-11-12 13:29 编辑 ] |
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世界杯 之 我的荷兰队 (2010-6-18) 哇哇哇 
发表于 2011-11-12 12:09
