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State Coal Mine - Wonthaggi
Heritage
Discovery
Prior to European settlement, the Wonthaggi area was inhabited by the indigenous Bunurong people, who travelled to the coast seeking shellfish and stone for tool making. Explorer William Hovell discovered black coal in the cliffs at nearby Cape Paterson in 1826. Small and isolated mining operations followed in the 1840s-1860s.
From the 1880s onwards exploratory drilling operation commenced in the scrub-covered Wonthaggi area. Although small private coal mines had opened in the Korumburra area in the 1880s-1890s, Victoria was still dependant on New South Wales for vital coal supplies.
In 1909, a miners' strike starved the Victorian Railways and Melbourne's coal industry, forcing a hasty development of the Wonthaggi mines as a public enterprise.
Beginnings
Emergency shaft sinking operations began in November 1909. In a primitive process, coal was lifted up the shaft in wicker baskets, then hauled by bullock wagon to Inverloch, to be conveyed by sea to Melbourne. By February 1910 a direct rail link had been made to Wonthaggi.
Increasing numbers of miners, business and tradespeople were accommodated in tents for a period of 6 months. Realising the future potential for the coal mines, the township of Wonthaggi was surveyed, and one hundred miners cottages constructed by mid-1910.
Production
Expansion of the coalfield followed through the 1910s and 1920s, with the establishment of a powerhouse and workshops complex, a brickworks and nine well equipped mines. The town of Wonthaggi grew to a population of up to 10 000 during this period. Employment and production reached its peak in 1929/30, with over 1800 men employed in mining 660 000 tons of coal in that financial year.
The 1930s depression severely affected the State Coal Mine. A significant number of men were laid off in 1932. Industrial unrest followed, with a 5 month strike ensuing in 1934. Three years later, an underground explosion in No. 20 Shaft killed thirteen men. Union/management animosity reached its peak following this disaster.
Decline
The mine ran at a financial loss to the Government from the 1930s onwards. Two further mines were opened, but failed to slow the decline. Through the 1950s, steam trains were being replaced by diesel and electric locomotives, resulting in reduced demand for black coal. From 1958, no new workers were employed, and early retirement was introduced for the older mine employees. When the last mine closed in 1968, only 100 men remained. The town of Wonthaggi survived by encouraging the establishment of other industries.
维州煤矿旧址--- Wonthaggi
历史沿革
发现
在欧洲人来此定居之前，Wonthaggi地区居住着土生土长的Bunurong人，他们向海边迁徙是为了寻找做工具用的贝壳类动物和石头。探险家William Hovell于1826年在附近的Cape Paterson悬崖附近发现了煤矿。因此，从19世纪40年代至60年代，该地区一直延续小型开矿活动。
自19世纪80年代起，勘探和钻井工作一直在灌木覆盖的Wonthaggi地区持续进行。尽管19世纪80年代至90年代，在Korumburra地区开办了一些小型私人煤矿，维州的主要煤炭供应还是倚赖新南威尔士州。
1909年的煤矿工人罢工使得维州铁路系统和煤炭产业遭受重创，这也催生了作为公共产业的Wonthaggi煤矿。
开始
竖井开矿的工作与1909年开展，在早期的开矿作业中，矿石是被放在编织篮里从井中吊起，然后用牛车运往Inverloch，在那里等待被运往墨尔本。直到1910年才开通第一条直通Wonthaggi的铁路线。
生产
从1910年至1920年间，矿区进行了扩建，在此期间，兴建了一所发电站，一间综合工作坊，一所制砖厂以及9口设备完善的矿井。在那些年里，Wonthaggi发展成一座拥有1万人口的小镇。在1929年到1930年间，镇上的生产活动达到了巅峰；在那一个财年中，共有1800名男子在矿区工作，共开采了66万吨煤矿。
没落
但自1930年往后，矿区一直在走亏损的下坡路。尽管后来又增开了两口矿井，但也未能力挽狂澜。20世纪50年代，蒸汽火车开始取代柴油和电力铁路机车，这使得对煤炭的需求大幅降低。从1958年开始，矿区不再新雇矿工并开始对老矿工们实行提早退休制度。1968年，最后一口矿井关闭时，只剩下100名矿工。Wonthaggi开始发展其他工业来谋求生存。
老旧的运矿车
人面不知何处去 矿灯依旧笑春风
[ 本帖最后由 t_guoguo 于 2011-7-11 17:24 编辑 ] |
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