联邦教育拨款的公平性背景研究

patrickzhu

私立学校长久以来一直声称为了适应日益上升的教育费用成本，他们的高收费是必须的。然而，过去十年间学费的上升幅度二倍于教育费用成本的上涨幅度。澳洲统计局发布的澳洲工资价格指数（wage price index）显示，私立教育和培训的费用成本在2001-2011年只增加了44%。薪水占了私立学校总费用的80%或者更多。

以因为教育费用成本的上涨为理由的学费大幅度上涨已经意味着，顶尖的私立学校已经变的更奢华和高级。新南威尔士州的15所私立学校和维多利亚州的16所私立学校（除了一所）现在12年级的学费已经超过了20000刀一年。有几个学校的12年级学费以后超过了25000刀一年。其中Geelong Grammar是全澳洲收费最昂贵的私立学校，它的12年级收费到达了29200刀一年。只有澳洲最富有的家庭才有能力幅度如此高昂的学费。

虽然联邦政府教育拨款在过去的十年间有大幅度的增加，但是私立学校的学费仍然在持续上涨。联邦政府对于上述新南威尔士州顶尖私立学校的教育拨款2001-2011年间平均增加了122%，而对于上述维多利亚州的私立学校的拨款则十年中平均增加了207%。

联邦政府给新南威尔士州顶尖私立学校的教育拨款增加超过200%的有：
the King’s School (256%)
Newington College (226%)
[Chart 1]
接近200%的有：
PLC (178%)
St. Andrew’s Cathedral School (181%)
另外一些则有超过100%的增加。

联邦政府给维多利亚州顶尖私立学校的教育拨款增加比例甚至更高：
Geelong College (389%)
Geelong Grammar (315%)
Haileybury College (359%)
Peninsula School (359%)
PLC (270%)
[Chart 2]
16所私立学校里有15所收到的联邦政府教育拨款增加了100%。

这些拨款增加的结果是，澳洲最富有的私立学校和最富有的家庭正在被每个学生平均每年被联邦政府补贴3000-5000刀。有几个新南威尔士州的私校在2011年将得到联邦政府教育拨款单位人头超过3000刀，它们是：
The King’s School ($3589)
Newington College ($3290)
St. Catherine’s ($3135)
PLC ($3733)

维多利亚州的16所顶尖私立学校中的8所2011年将得到超过3000刀/学生的联邦资助，而有几个学校所得超过了4000刀/学生：
Geelong College ($4929)
Geelong Grammar ($4187)
Haileybury College ($4630)
the Peninsula School ($4630)

[ 本帖最后由 patrickzhu 于 2011-1-25 15:04 编辑 ]

patrickzhu

联邦政府给予私立学校大幅度增加的教育拨款的本意，是为了让它们对于澳洲来说能够减轻负担和增加普通家庭上私校的机会。但是很明显的是，这个目的并没有在这些顶尖的私立学校中实现。它们仍然继续保持着它们只为澳洲最富有家庭服务的地位。

私立学校高昂的收费和联邦政府教育拨款的增加已经远远超过了其教育费用成本的增加，这已经很明显地让这些顶尖私立学校保持其奢华高级的特征，并让这些私校通过减小班级规模、增加教育机会、更多的教育科技和采购新的体育和其他设施来提高教育水准。

联邦政府没有理由提供上百万刀的教育拨款资助这些学校让它们保持其最富有的状态。保持对私立学校高额的补贴就意味着对于那些有着最弱势学生、土著学生和残疾学生学校拨款的不足。每年几百万刀的对最不需要资助的私立学校的政府资助，和对于最需要资助的学校资助的不足，充分反映了目前联邦政府基于SES拨款模式的不公平迹象。

patrickzhu

Private Schools are Desperate to Avoid Financial Disclosure
Tuesday February 8, 2011

私立学校正在使用一切办法竭力阻止在My School 2.0里公布学校的财务数据。它们正在诉诸于任何借口来质疑这些数据。某些地区的顶尖精英私立学校尽一切可能来阻止它们财务数据被公布。它们害怕公开这些数据将会影响未来联邦政府的教育拨款，联邦政府的教育拨款政策现在正在进行大规模的评审工作。

反对党的教育方面发言人Christopher Pyne已经公开承认这是一个理由为什么要反对公布学校的财务数据。他说：“当对于学校拨款安排政策在评审的时间点上，（公布财务数据）将会削弱公众对于非公立学校的支持。”

这个理由充分说明了富有的私立学校拥有比公立学校更巨大的资源优势。代表着精英私立学校发言的Christopher Pyne害怕联邦政府对于澳洲最富有家庭的（私校）补贴被曝光而引起的公众愤怒，与此同时，弱势的公立学校和弱势的私立学校继续在被拒绝有更多的资助，而这样的资助可以帮助它们克服因为资源不足而带来的教育表现的负面影响。

事实上，Pyne先生说的话正在告诉澳洲的纳税人应该继续保持对最需要财政支持的公立学校的忽略。这是一个真正的，来自于一个想要给私立学校联邦政府教育拨款计划的人令人震惊的做法。

patrickzhu

为了支持其诉求，私立学校正在使用一份为Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA)准备的秘密报告，来试图质疑即将在My School网站上公布的财务数据的可靠性。这份报告是由会计事务所德勤（Deloittes）为评估ACARA在My School公布的财务数据的审计方法而起草的。

然而，这份报告实际上证实的ACARA审计方法的正确性。报告指出，ACARA的方法“提供一个在全国范围内收集可比较的学校间财务数据的合理基础”，并且ACARA的方法是符合澳洲财务审计标准的。

ACARA的审计方法甚至都已经被大部分的私立学校所签字认可。澳洲天主教会教育委员会和澳洲私立学校理事会都有代表在ACARA的工作组工作，参与制定了ACARA目前的财务审计方法，并得到了德勤的认可。

然而，私立学校的代表们现在正在试图使用德勤报告里的一些限制条件来质疑将在My School 2.0里公布的数据。这的确是非常虚伪的做法了。

德勤报告里的确列出了几项对于数据的限制条件。然而，它们只限于特定的数据因子，例如在一些州学前班的花费是否包括，不同州之间不同的财务审计系统。这些限制本质上是关于州际之间的不同，不太可能对于公立学校和私立学校拨款比较上产生显著的差别。

事实上，即将在My School网站上公布的财务数据是在对学校拨款提供可比较的数据方面迈出了一大步。这是在最近的官方数据上的一个巨大的进步。

这些新的数据移除了官方数据的主要不兼容性，这些官方数据导致了长久以来公立学校的花费在和私立学校的花费比较的时候被高估。一些项目比如，资产的使用成本、工资税和政府对于学生通勤交通的补贴将从公立学校的花费中排除，因为这些项目并没有包含在私立学校的花费中。这是一个大的进步。

patrickzhu

然而，My School网站所使用的财务报告方法和德勤报告都似乎忽略了很明显的公立学校花费一些项目，这些项目仍然会让公立学校在和私立学校比较其花费的时候被高估。

首先，联邦政府教育部管理对于私立学校的政府教育拨款的花费没有包含在私立学校拨款项目中，但是州政府管理公立学校的行政成本花费却包含在公立学校的花费中。州政府在对于私立学校的拨款管理行政开支和规章制度仍然不是很清楚，而私立学校的花费中是否已经包含了这部分的开支也不是很清楚。

第二，很多私立学校收到的大额捐赠都是有税务抵扣的（ tax deductible）。例如，很多精英私立学校每年收到2-3百万的捐赠，而有些会收到4-5百万的捐助。这些税务优惠对于联邦政府是一种开支成本，但是并没有作为对于私立学校联邦教育拨款中的一部分。每年私立学校得到的捐赠将近10亿刀，这些有税务抵扣的钱可能在国家计算税式支出上会花费联邦政府每年200-300万的成本。对于澳洲最富有的私立学校的税务抵扣的捐赠单个计算的话，可能会平均每个学校花费联邦政府超过100万刀的支出。
（收入放弃法(revenue foregone method)，即计算政府在每一年度内由于实施税收优惠而减少的税收收入，或者是国家放弃某一征税权力，而给予纳税人的退税额。也就是纳税人获得政府税收优惠之后少缴纳的税款。这是对于某种税收优惠成本的事后测量。利用收入放弃法来估算税式支出规模，适用于所有的税式支出项目。它以包含有关税收优惠条款的实际税制与没有包含税收优惠条款的标准税制之间的比较为基础，估算由于税收优惠的存在而减少了多少税收收入。）

私立学校，特别是最富有的私立学校有很充分的理由来害怕大规模的财务数据公开。因为这些数据将显示最富有的私立学校比公立学校有2-3倍的资源，然而它们中的很多学校仍然每年收到联邦政府教育拨款3-5百万，平均是每个学生人头3000-5000刀。

联邦政府对于弱势公立学校每个学生人头500刀一年的额外补助，和私立学校所得相比就显得少的可怜了。然而，是公立学校每年在招生大部分的低SES背景学生，土著学生和偏远地区的学生，而这些公立学校因为学生背景的关系而有着低水平的学校表现。

这些精英私校害怕这些特权性质的拨款会被取消。Gonski的教育拨款评审委员会说，评审小组致力于提高教育表现的平等性。这个宗旨就意味着给公立学校更多的拨款，同时减少给私立学校的拨款。

私校这样的担忧甚至会更大，因为最近揭示的数据表明私立学校学费的涨幅远快于其和教育相关的支出，而与此同时，私立学校继续在给家长们压力要求更多的捐赠并产生大额的营运盈余。甚至选择这些私校的家长们也开始质疑私校的财务开支情况。

这些学校正在竭尽所能避免由My School 2.0所承诺的财务监察。它们正在抓住任何理由来阻止财务报告的公开。我们只希望Gillard政府不要像过去一样向私立学校低头让步。Gillard总理应该要坚定地保持她长久以来许诺公布私立学校财务数据的立场。

澳洲桉树

在芬兰，设立私立学校需要芬兰国会特许，私立学校不准收学费（包括对外国人），不准有任何招生条件，因此实际上只有教会学校和蒙特梭利教学方法学校存在。在挪威，直到2007年，国会禁止设立任何私立学校，到2010年，全国只有一所私立学校。在瑞典，93%的学生上公立学校，国家不对私立学校拨款。
北欧的教育体系并不妨碍垄断资本家子女接班，但对提高中下阶层平民素质，获得相对其他国家同等阶层的竞争优势有重要作用。

澳洲桉树

《每日电讯报》一则有关英国大学改革的报道的标题说：“穷学生将较容易进入顶级大学”。

报道说，英国政府将于本周表示，牛津、剑桥和其他顶级大学将定立不同的入学条件，对来自私立中学的学生的要求比来自公立学校的穷学生更高。

该报说，英国副首相克莱格将会对一流大学说，他们必须停止“社会分层”的做法，并且让更多来自低收入家庭的孩子入读。

报道说，当局将要求大学接纳成绩逊于私校生的公校生入学。

《泰晤士报》说，这是为了改变大学校园的社会组成。

该报说，一些大学已经引入这个政策，并得到前首相布朗的支持。现在是联合政府首次正式支持这个做法。

缓缓

精英私立和弱势私立，怎么定义？按学业排名？

缓缓

原帖由 澳洲桉树 于 2011-2-9 14:25 发表
《每日电讯报》一则有关英国大学改革的报道的标题说：“穷学生将较容易进入顶级大学”。

报道说，英国政府将于本周表示，牛津、剑桥和其他顶级大学将定立不同的入学条件，对来自私立中学的学生的要求比来自公立学校的穷学生 ...

听说在美国也开始了。于是乎，某些家长故意把聪明的孩子往差校送，以期望达到长远的目的

patrickzhu

原帖由 D妈妈 于 2011-2-9 20:18 发表
精英私立和弱势私立，怎么定义？按学业排名？

官方说法
就看ICSEA值就可以了，不需要看学业成绩。

民间版本看论坛里妈妈们要送的私立学校就可以了，论坛里大家谈论的基本都是elite private school，D妈妈自己看一下就知道哪些是精英私校了。
其他没人提的很多都是比较穷的私立学校，大概就是弱势私校了，呵呵。

patrickzhu

记录一下重要的新闻。

http://www.oursteps.com.au/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=317140

patrickzhu

新闻原文

Federal funding a bonanza for Catholic schools
Anna Patty
February 18, 2011 - 3:00AM

A GROUP of Catholic schools on Sydney's north shore is receiving millions of dollars each year more than the subsidy it is entitled to under the federal government's funding formula.

Marist College North Shore is among the 10 most overfunded private secondary schools in the state, all Catholic, receiving $2.7 million above its official entitlement of $1.5 million. Each student receives $4064 more than he is entitled to under the strict formula used to calculate subsidies according to the socio-economic status of his family.

Under the socio-economic status (SES) formula, Loreto Kirribilli receives more than three times its entitlement of $1.2 million, an ''overpayment'' of $3315 per student, a new analysis of official federal figures shows. Its tuition fees are $13,095 for years 10-12.

Trevor Cobbold, a former Productivity Commission economist and public school advocate who compiled the new analysis, described the funding arrangement as completely inequitable.

''This is a scandalous waste of taxpayer funds on the most privileged families and schools while many disadvantaged schools continue to be denied the funding they need to improve student outcomes,'' he said.

''The top 10 overfunded primary and secondary schools are all in very high-income suburbs. These 20 schools were overfunded by $42 million in 2010.''

Each student was overfunded by $2600 to $4000. Secondary schools were overfunded by up to $3.5 million per school.

The schools have had their funding ''maintained'' at historic levels for a decade since the Howard government introduced a private schools funding scheme to allocate subsidies on the basis of the socio-economic status of families of children at the schools. Need is measured using census district data collected by the Bureau of Statistics.

Under its ''no losers'' policy, the Howard government ensured schools would not lose funding by joining the system.

As a result, 54.3 per cent of Catholic systemic schools and 17.1 per cent of independent schools are funded above their strict entitlement under the SES system, which gives each school a score of social disadvantage.

The formula has been more strictly applied to Anglican and low-fee Christian schools, which receive less funding than Catholic schools with similar SES scores.

An internal Department of Education review in December 2006 said the higher level of funding was intended to be only transitional until schools were funded in line with their SES scores. But it remains a feature of the system and delivers schools more than $2.7 billion above their SES entitlements.

The report said the ''funding maintained'' provision entrenched ''purely historical inequities''.''The consistency and equity of the SES funding arrangements is undermined by the fact that almost half the non-government school sector is funded outside the straight SES model,'' the report said. ''Under the current funding arrangements 40 per cent of Catholic systemic schools and 75 per cent of independent schools are funded on their actual SES scores.''

Mr Cobbold, who is convener of Save Our Schools, said extra federal funding for disadvantaged schools amounted to less than $500 a student.

He said the review of school funding, headed by the businessman David Gonski, must come up with a fairer model to direct government funding to where it was most needed.

The principal of Oakhill College at Castle Hill, Brother Ken Ormerod, said he did not dispute figures that showed his school received $3.5 million more than its strict entitlement.

''We receive our funding under a legitimate agreement with the government and we receive less money from government sources than the local state high school,'' he said. ''I would support any review of school funding to ensure an equitable distribution of funds.''

Brian Croke, the executive director of the Catholic Education Commission, said the Catholic schools whose funding had been maintained were not ''overfunded''.

He said the schools were long established and their students continued to attract historical levels of federal funding. The Catholic diocese redistributed funding for schools in wealthier areas to more disadvantaged schools.

''Given the locality and SES of the schools listed, generally speaking all, or most, of their parents will be able to pay the required school fees and pay in full. They therefore cross-subsidise other schools within the diocese where fees are not able to be paid or only partially paid,'' Dr Croke said.

''Ensuring all systemic schools remain viable is actually a condition of Commonwealth system funding. Schools and school systems require stability and predictability of funding and that involves flexibility.''

This story was found at: http://www.smh.com.au/national/e ... 20110217-1ayab.html

patrickzhu

更新下两张重要的图表揭示了私立/公立/天主教会学校资金来源的比例


http://www.oursteps.com.au/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=321752



http://www.theaustralian.com.au/ ... 9niix-1226015619737

冬阳

原帖由 patrickzhu 于 2011-3-4 11:50 发表
更新下两张重要的图表揭示了私立/公立/天主教会学校资金来源的比例

362994
http://www.oursteps.com.au/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=321752


362995
http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/no-class-divid ...

感谢楼主的链接，点开后看不太明白，能否请楼主帮忙稍微解释一下：

No class divide in schools spending


Justine Ferrari, Education writer From: The Australian March 04, 2011 12:00AM  

Source: The Australian   

PRIVATE schools spend about the same amount of money teaching their students as government schools, with the first national figures on school finances revealing the extra money raised in private fees is spent on buildings, sporting grounds and other facilities.

Details of the financial resources available to the nation's 9500 schools will be published for the first time on the My School website today.

They show a wide disparity in the money spent in individual schools, ranging from $3000 a student up to $150,000 for a special needs pupil.

The funds, analysed on the site, are drawn from a variety of sources including government funding, both state and federal, school fees and other private sources.

However, the schools spending the most money are not the elite, high-fee private schools but mostly government schools in remote areas, those with fewer than 100 students or teaching students with disabilities.

The schools spending the least amount of money are mainly low-fee independent schools.

An analysis of the financial data conducted by auditing firm Deloitte for the Australian Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority says 90 per cent of students across the nation attend a school spending between $7400 and $18,800 on each student.

About half the students attend a school that spends between $7400 and $10,800 while 39 per cent have between $10,800 and $18,800 spent on them.

The Deloitte analysis, released yesterday by School Education Minister Peter Garrett, shows that Catholic schools spend the least per student running their schools, an average of $10,000.

Independent schools allocate only $2600 more for each student on average than government schools, which spend about $11,100 a student. The biggest difference in school spending between the three sectors is in capital works, with independent schools spending about 3 1/2 times more than government schools and almost twice as much as Catholic schools.

The My School figures show that in 2009 government schools spent a total of $3.16 billion on capital works, compared with $1.63bn spent in all Catholic schools and $1.1bn across all independent schools - including money spent under the federal government's Building the Education Revolution program.

When divided across the number of schools in each sector, it represents an average $469,000 spent in every government school compared with $963,000 in each Catholic school and $1.65m in each independent school.

The most expensive school, which spends $150,000 a student, is believed to be one teaching blind children. The school, spending $3000 a student, was described as an anomaly, on an island off NSW with a peculiar funding arrangement that belied its real level of resources.

The new version of My School will be officially launched today at 10am, and includes for the first time the financial resources available to every school as well as the results from the national literacy and numeracy tests.

The students who first sat the National Assessment Program - Literacy and Numeracy resat the tests last year.

That enabled ACARA to track the progress the same group of students had made over the past two years.

Mr Garrett said My School 2.0 was a "substantial step-up" in providing information to parents and the community, and would be a "game-changer" in the debate over school education.

The launch of the revised My School website was delayed from December after an audit by Deloitte found inaccuracies in the data and after complaints from the independent schools sector about the financial data and a lack of consultation about the process.

ACARA officials said yesterday the financial information for all but 29 schools was now complete but the independent schools sector says about 140 of its schools are yet to validate their data.

The executive director of the Independent Schools Council of Australia, Bill Daniels, said while My School 2.0 was not perfect, it provided powerful information and was a significant improvement on the quality of data previously available.

Mr Daniels agreed that most of the fees raised by private schools were spent on capital works.

He said the sector received no government funding for building (outside the BER scheme) and had grown significantly over the past 15 years, requiring it to build the facilities it needed.

"A lot of fees are going into capital works and also into debt servicing, which government schools don't have. In Queensland, the average debt per student in an independent school is about $17,000," he said.

Mr Daniels said elite, high-fee private schools had been pilloried by the public school lobby for years for receiving excessive government funding but My School figures showed they received very little money from government. Of schools operating with more than $15,000 a student, he said they included 250 independent schools and about 80 Catholic schools but more than 1700 government schools.

Australian Education Union federal president Angelo Gavrielatos said government schools cost more because they educated the vast majority of students with high needs, who were more expensive to educate.

Government schools educate 77 per cent of students from low-income families, 86 per cent of indigenous students, 80 per cent of students with a disability, 72 per cent of students in regional Australia and 84 per cent of students living in remote areas.

Mr Gavrielatos said the figures show an unacceptable gap. "These figures are just the tip of the iceberg for private schools and do not take into account the money that is held in assets, investment portfolios, trusts and foundations.

"It is only by looking at the total resources of schools can we get an understanding of the relationship between resourcing and outcomes."

Mr Garrett intends to raise the issue with education ministers to ask ACARA to investigate how to report on the financial reserves available to all schools, which in some long-established independent schools can run to hundreds of millions of dollars.

patrickzhu

原帖由 冬阳 于 2011-3-4 12:03 发表

感谢楼主的链接，点开后看不太明白，能否请楼主帮忙稍微解释一下：

看这里有解释
http://www.oursteps.com.au/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=321752

冬阳

原帖由 patrickzhu 于 2011-3-4 12:04 发表

看这里有解释
http://www.oursteps.com.au/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=321752

谢谢楼主，我看了那个链接，一边倒的意见。但点了你第二条英文链接，好像不太一样吧。

ATO

澳洲教育界的大部分人都反对自由联盟党，这句话说得很不错，我和教育界人士多次免谈过，都担心liberal上台

patrickzhu

原帖由 冬阳 于 2011-3-4 12:08 发表

谢谢楼主，我看了那个链接，一边倒的意见。但点了你第二条英文链接，好像不太一样吧。

那你就来说说吧。