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HTTP访问的细节 [复制链接]

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发表于 2017-2-10 15:55 |显示全部楼层
此文章由 yichuan 原创或转贴,不代表本站立场和观点,版权归 oursteps.com.au 和作者 yichuan 所有!转贴必须注明作者、出处和本声明,并保持内容完整
当我们在浏览器输入web域名 或 IP的时候,浏览器会发出HTTP request,网上查的说第一个request是GET.
可是,有一点细节不明白,第一次的时候怎么知道服务器那端的主页URI是什么?
如果不输入URI,好像还不行,但是不知道默认首页,就用根目录吧。
我有一个TCP客户端软件,在里面写上
GET / HTTP/1.1


发送到感兴趣的网址后,有的可能会给出正确的反应,有的直接报错。

请专业人士指点解惑一下,谢谢!
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发表于 2017-2-10 15:59 |显示全部楼层
此文章由 fevin86 原创或转贴,不代表本站立场和观点,版权归 oursteps.com.au 和作者 fevin86 所有!转贴必须注明作者、出处和本声明,并保持内容完整
服务器端会做相应的转发,或者返回一个转发响应给客户端,客户端处理后做另一个请求
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发表于 2017-2-10 16:03 |显示全部楼层
此文章由 yichuan 原创或转贴,不代表本站立场和观点,版权归 oursteps.com.au 和作者 yichuan 所有!转贴必须注明作者、出处和本声明,并保持内容完整
fevin86 发表于 2017-2-10 15:59
服务器端会做相应的转发,或者返回一个转发响应给客户端,客户端处理后做另一个请求 ...

想先跟你确认一下,是否第一个请求就是下面这个(根目录的访问)?
GET / HTTP/1.1



这个请求发出后,如果对方不支持、报错,怎么办呢?

发表于 2017-2-10 16:12 |显示全部楼层
此文章由 fevin86 原创或转贴,不代表本站立场和观点,版权归 oursteps.com.au 和作者 fevin86 所有!转贴必须注明作者、出处和本声明,并保持内容完整
可以尝试去猜网站的主页地址,例如home.*之类的。或者尝试访问sitemap或者robots.txt这些文件。

当然也可以暴力穷举
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发表于 2017-2-10 16:13 |显示全部楼层
此文章由 yichuan 原创或转贴,不代表本站立场和观点,版权归 oursteps.com.au 和作者 yichuan 所有!转贴必须注明作者、出处和本声明,并保持内容完整
本帖最后由 yichuan 于 2017-2-10 16:32 编辑
fevin86 发表于 2017-2-10 16:12
可以尝试去猜网站的主页地址,例如home.*之类的。或者尝试访问sitemap或者robots.txt这些文件。

当然也可 ...


实际中是如何做的?有没有网友写过浏览器这样的程序?

发表于 2017-2-20 12:04 |显示全部楼层
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firebug
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发表于 2017-2-20 12:35 |显示全部楼层
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没有那么简单。具体细节要去读specification: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616.
第一个请求URI取决于你想访问哪一个网址,要放到GET request里。例如:
GET http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/TheProject.html HTTP/1.1
还有很多可选参数在request header里。当收到response以后要根据spec和status code及时处理. 有时处理不及时server端一样报错。server端不可能永远等下去。每个http server根据需要对request的支持和容错都不一样,但是都符合spec.

发表于 2017-2-20 13:33 |显示全部楼层
此文章由 righttang 原创或转贴,不代表本站立场和观点,版权归 oursteps.com.au 和作者 righttang 所有!转贴必须注明作者、出处和本声明,并保持内容完整
诶?为什么这么简单的一个问题会讨论得越来越复杂?

如果你配置过服务器,就拿Apache Http Server来说,有一个选项,是叫DirectoryIndex
一般这个配置是在.htaccess里面,

假设我的配置是这样的,这个似乎默认配置
DirectoryIndex index.html
他的作用就是,当你GET请求是请求某一个目录,他就会自动跳转到index.html

如果你是一个PHP的网站,
那配置很有可能是 DirectoryIndex index.php
这样当你用户请求到  http://www.example.com/ 的时候,服务端会直接会用http://www.example.com/index.php  serve你的request

根本不是乱猜的- -
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发表于 2017-2-24 15:43 |显示全部楼层
此文章由 yichuan 原创或转贴,不代表本站立场和观点,版权归 oursteps.com.au 和作者 yichuan 所有!转贴必须注明作者、出处和本声明,并保持内容完整
Mushroomm 发表于 2017-2-20 12:35
没有那么简单。具体细节要去读specification: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616.
第一个请求URI取决于 ...

谢谢回复。
在客户端的c程序中调用GET,第一次里面的URI应该写什么呢?
比如我要访问www.google.com.au
我刚才打了如下内容
GET /index.html HTTP/1.1
Host: www.google.com.au
<CRLF>
<CRLF>

发送到172.217.25.227:80
然后收到如下回复
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Fri, 24 Feb 2017 04:40:06 GMT
Expires: -1
Cache-Control: private, max-age=0
Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
P3P: CP="This is not a P3P policy! See https://www.google.com/support/accounts/answer/151657?hl=en for more info."
Server: gws
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN
Set-Cookie: NID=97=BLvFwkr4vyg1St2w2d4iWwaR4Du77Kpv15-7mdZPady3Ien8tfwC6TwxKhO0iv6Zfp-eNZr3rPoCx2E-rY3gmuQe71ezT6c7QBOBfkL_pVb_XqzL8OdvWwZo70xv9PBe; expires=Sat, 26-Aug-2017 04:40:06 GMT; path=/; domain=.google.com.au; HttpOnly
Accept-Ranges: none
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Transfer-Encoding: chunked

8000
<!doctype html><html itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="en-AU"><head><meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"><meta content="/images/branding/googleg/1x/googleg_standard_color_128dp.png" itemprop="image"><title>Google</title><script>(function(){window.google={kEI:'JrmvWO3sNtHq8AXxnYjIBQ',kEXPI:'1351827,1351903,1352241,1352623,3700062,3700279,3700347,3700383,4029815,4032678,4038012,4043492,4045841,4048347,4052811,4062666,4064904,4065786,4069773,4071842,4072777,4073405,4073726,4073959,4076096,4076999,4077776,4078438,4078761,4079105,4079894,4081039,4081164,4083476,4083496,4084179,4086011,4086072,4089003,4089183,4090550,4090555,4090806,4090876,4090893,4091028,4092232,4092475,4092479,4092897,4092934,4093121,4093191,4093498,4093622,4093948,4094253,4094544,4094764,4095381,4095768,4095907,4095998,4096324,4096472,4096742,4096834,4097082,4097089,4097129,4097153,4097204,4097922,4097929,4098052,4098611,4098721,4098728,4098752,4099309,4099380,4099762,4099809,4099810,4099880,4100155,4100174,4100230,8300096,8300272,8300480,8507380,8508607,8508623,8509870,10200083,10200096,10202230',authuser:0,kscs:'c9c918f0_24'};google.kHL='en-AU';})();(function(){google.lc=[];google.li=0;google.getEI=function(a){for(var 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发表于 2017-2-24 15:49 |显示全部楼层
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righttang 发表于 2017-2-20 13:33
诶?为什么这么简单的一个问题会讨论得越来越复杂?

如果你配置过服务器,就拿Apache Http Server来说,有 ...

你说得是server上面的,我想了解的是client该发送什么内容的URI,尤其是第一次。
Index.http这个文件是否各家server的默认名字?
如果不是,server可能不理睬,下一步该发送什么去打开homepage?

GET /index.html HTTP/1.1
Host: www.xxxx.com
<CRLF>
<CRLF>

发表于 2017-2-24 15:53 |显示全部楼层
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本帖最后由 righttang 于 2017-2-24 15:55 编辑
yichuan 发表于 2017-2-24 15:49
你说得是server上面的,我想了解的是client该发送什么内容的URI,尤其是第一次。
Index.http这个文件是否 ...


如果服务器设置成

DirectoryIndex index.html

Client 就发送 "/"

Server 返回 index.html 的内容

就一个来回,没有下一次

发表于 2017-2-24 16:03 |显示全部楼层
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不知道有没有理解错了
如果楼主你想知道你输入一个网址最终会打开的网页的
比如说你在浏览器里面输入的是http://www.oursteps.com.au,但是最终它会帮你打开的其实是http://www.oursteps.com.au/bbs/portal.php
如果你是想知道如何得到上面那个地址的话其实很简单
首先第一次你发的reques是http://www.oursteps.com.au,这个时候你要查的是response的status code,如果是3开头像301,302这些,那么证明这个页面是有转跳的,在respons的header里面有个location那个就是转跳的地址,然后你就再request这个地址,直到返回的是200这些的status code就证明你已经找到那个所谓的首页,足迹就是转跳两次的

发表于 2017-2-24 16:10 |显示全部楼层
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yichuan 发表于 2017-2-24 15:49
你说得是server上面的,我想了解的是client该发送什么内容的URI,尤其是第一次。
Index.http这个文件是否 ...

就拿你说的www.google.com.au这个例子
客户端直接请求/
服务器拿一个正文回给我们,也许index.html也许是index.php,也许是别的,我们根本不知道哦



curl -v https://www.google.com.au

> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: www.google.com.au
> User-Agent: curl/7.47.1
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
...

然后正文就来了

<!doctype html><html itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="en-AU"><head><meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"><meta content="/images/branding/googleg/1x/googleg_standard_color_128dp.pn

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发表于 2017-2-24 16:17 |显示全部楼层
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righttang 发表于 2017-2-24 15:53
如果服务器设置成

DirectoryIndex index.html

又试了一次,对www.google.com.au只用根目录/,返回的内容也有45000多字节,比/index.html多几百字节,整体看着差不多的。
看来陌生网站第一次GET 用/作为URI 是一种选项。试了几个网站,好像还行。


试了下新足迹www.oursteps.com.au     206.190.140.212
得到如下回复

HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Server: nginx
Date: Fri, 24 Feb 2017 05:08:30 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 178
Connection: keep-alive
Keep-Alive: timeout=60
Location: https://www.oursteps.com.au/

<html>
<head><title>301 Moved Permanently</title></head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<center><h1>301 Moved Permanently</h1></center>
<hr><center>nginx</center>
</body>
</html>

这种情况就要重新发送HTTPS访问了吧。
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发表于 2017-2-24 16:21 |显示全部楼层
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kksp 发表于 2017-2-24 16:03
不知道有没有理解错了
如果楼主你想知道你输入一个网址最终会打开的网页的
比如说你在浏览器里面输入的是ht ...

我不是用浏览器访问的,直接用TCP工具发送GET。。。
不熟悉Http请求命令,所以上来问问。

发表于 2017-2-24 16:42 |显示全部楼层
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yichuan 发表于 2017-2-24 16:17
又试了一次,对www.google.com.au只用根目录/,返回的内容也有45000多字节,比/index.html多几百字节,整 ...


对,如果碰到3XX的回复,作为客户端,你就要查看 Location Header ,一般真正的地址在Location里面。

当然你也会碰到有些网站把Redirect写在HTTP页面Body的第一行里。
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发表于 2017-2-24 16:47 |显示全部楼层
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righttang 发表于 2017-2-24 16:42
对,如果碰到3XX的回复,作为客户端,你就要查看 Location Header ,一般真正的地址在Location里面。

当 ...

不好意思,怎么GET https啊,底下这个有问题,不能加上https://,可是不知道该发送什么了

GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: https://www.oursteps.com.au/


发表于 2017-2-24 16:53 |显示全部楼层
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楼主, 看一下HTTP协议不就完了, 说白了就是一个规则说明, 你按照规则收发信息就行了
如果协议本身理解有困难, 还有很多相关的HTTP协议详解的书

发表于 2017-2-24 18:27 |显示全部楼层
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yichuan 发表于 2017-2-24 16:47
不好意思,怎么GET https啊,底下这个有问题,不能加上https://,可是不知道该发送什么了

GET / HTTP/1. ...

一般我们编程的时候,不会直接发数据包,一般是用HTTP的库来调用,不同的库有不同的调用方法。

HTTPS无非就是要加密一下数据流,这些和库都帮你完成了,你手动发的话,那估计得麻烦了。。

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发表于 2017-2-24 20:20 |显示全部楼层
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yichuan 发表于 2017-2-24 16:21
我不是用浏览器访问的,直接用TCP工具发送GET。。。
不熟悉Http请求命令,所以上来问问。 ...

不清楚你用的是什么工具
一般的话http的端口是80
https的端口是443,应该只要改端口就是https

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发表于 2017-2-28 15:26 |显示全部楼层
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kksp 发表于 2017-2-24 20:20
不清楚你用的是什么工具
一般的话http的端口是80
https的端口是443,应该只要改端口就是https ...

我已经试过了,这个行不通。
并且既然是HTTPS,就不能发这些明文了,只能是加密的数据,至于如何加密的,我就不知道了,需要查阅资料,或者像righttang说的,直接调用别人写好的API完成。
所以这种能直接GET的情况看上去只适合HTTP。

发表于 2017-2-28 15:55 |显示全部楼层
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yichuan 发表于 2017-2-28 15:26
我已经试过了,这个行不通。
并且既然是HTTPS,就不能发这些明文了,只能是加密的数据,至于如何加密的, ...

加密过程虽说不是特别复杂但是也不简单,一般不会自己做的,都是尽量用别人弄好已经经过试验的
你如果想知道原理的话可以搜搜ssl加密这方面的东西
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发表于 2017-2-28 16:06 |显示全部楼层
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kksp 发表于 2017-2-28 15:55
加密过程虽说不是特别复杂但是也不简单,一般不会自己做的,都是尽量用别人弄好已经经过试验的
你如果想 ...

谢谢,浅尝辄止,工作中用到再学习吧

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yichuan 发表于 2017-2-24 15:49
你说得是server上面的,我想了解的是client该发送什么内容的URI,尤其是第一次。
Index.http这个文件是否 ...


关键不是你发什么URI,而是你的client要能像浏览器一样能够处理不同的response和解释JS,话说你是要开发浏览器吗?
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发表于 2017-3-20 20:07 |显示全部楼层
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并不是第一个request是get, http里面的动作有post get options delete put 等等,之所以发出去的是get是因为get是用于获取资源用的,在获取资源的场景下使用。 比如说你在浏览器输入谷歌的网址然后回车,你这个动作是在向浏览器说,我要访问谷歌,所以浏览器会像谷歌发一条get 的http request,你看到的response里面是html代码,也就是谷歌首页的代码。

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yichuan 发表于 2017-2-24 15:47
不好意思,怎么GET https啊,底下这个有问题,不能加上https://,可是不知道该发送什么了

GET / HTTP/1. ...

https means encapsulating http protocol inside an encrypted tunnel, so http protocol itself is *unaware* of the TLS tunnel.

This can be easily done with command line tools like curl.

发表于 2017-3-20 20:34 |显示全部楼层
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